Olav Aaen uses a CVT that consistently handles 200+HP in a race cars he uses.

 

A powerglide is a 2 speed transmission that used to come in cars like the Chevette. Lots of racers use it (highly modified) in conjunction with a very high stall speed converter because it is light and more consistant due to the fact you only shift gears once. The closest thing to a CVT in drag racing is the carbon fibre, milti-stage, slipper clutches used in the top fuel cars. The tranny only has one speed, but the clutch engages at a predetermined rate to allow the engine to stay in its power band for the entire 1/4 mile.

edit: Porsche has had a CVT with a pusher chain instead of a belt for years.