HI
I was riding today and I was turning around going slow in second gear and the piece that holds the two links of the chain together fell off. What could have caused this? Could I just take a link out of the chain and use it like that until I get a new chain. ALso in the process one bolt came out of the front sprocket.

 

If I had to guess I would say the loose sprocket bolt was part of the problem. Your master link fell off it has a plate with 2 pins sticking out of it and a plate with 2 holes in it and a clip to hold the pieces together. The clip was probubly knocked off by the loose sprocket. Get a new master link the right size and put blue loctite on the bolts. The clip has to be put on with the closed end facing the direction of the chain travel.